The role of indigenous knowledge and local knowledge in water sector adaptation to climate change in Africa: a structured assessment

Abstract Evidence is increasing of human responses to the impacts climate change in Africa. However, understanding effectiveness these for adaptation across diversity African contexts still limited. Despite high reliance on indigenous knowledge (IK) and local (LK) by communities, potential IK LK contribute through reducing risk or supporting transformative yet be established. Here, we assess influence implementation water sector Africa better understand relationship between systems. Eighteen (18) response types were identified from academic literature Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) intended nationally determined contributions (iNDCs) selected countries. Southern, West, East show relatively evidence responses, while North Central lower evidence. At country level, Zimbabwe displays highest (77.8%) followed Ghana (53.6%), Kenya (46.2%), South (31.3%). Irrigation, rainwater harvesting, conservation, ecosystem-based measures, mainly agroforestry, most implemented measures These household individual influenced knowledge. with recorded higher reduction compared without LK. Analysis iNDCs shows actions are consistent targets set governments. Yet only 10.4% governments included planning iNDCs. This study recommends a coordinated approach that integrates multiple sources, including LK, ensure sustainability both current